Sotah 22B

ועד כמה ⁠— עד ארבעין שנין. איני? והא רבה אורי! בשוין.

And until when is it considered too premature for a scholar to issue halakhic rulings? It is until 40 years. The Talmud asks: Is that so? But didn’t Rabba issue rulings, even though he lived for only 40 years? The Talmud answers: It is permitted for a scholar who has not studied for so long to issue rulings when his knowledge reaches the level of the foremost scholar in his city and they are equals.

ומכות פרושין וכו׳. תנו רבנן, שבעה פרושין הן: פרוש שיכמי, פרוש נקפי, פרוש קיזאי, פרוש מדוכיא, פרוש ״מה חובתי ואעשנה״, פרוש מאהבה, פרוש מיראה.

§ It states in the Mishnah: And those who injure themselves out of false abstinence [perushin] are people who erode the world. A baraita states: There are 7 pseudo-righteous people who erode the world: The righteous of Shechem, the self-flagellating righteous, the bloodletting righteous, the pestle-like righteous, the righteous who say: Tell me what my obligation is and I will perform it, those who are righteous due to love, and those who are righteous due to fear.

פרוש שיכמי ⁠— זה העושה מעשה שכם. פרוש נקפי ⁠— זה המנקיף את רגליו. פרוש קיזאי ⁠— אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק: זה המקיז דם לכתלים. פרוש מדוכיא ⁠— אמר רבה בר שילא: דמשפע כי מדוכיא.

The Talmud explains: The righteous of Shechem [shikhmi]; this is one who performs actions comparable to the action of the people of Shechem, who agreed to circumcise themselves for personal gain (see Genesis, chapter 34); so too, he behaves righteously only in order to be honored. The self-flagellating righteous; this is one who injures his feet, as he walks slowly, dragging his feet on the ground in an attempt to appear humble, and injures his feet in the process. The bloodletting righteous; Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak says that this is one who lets blood by banging his head against the walls because he walks with his eyes shut, ostensibly out of modesty. The pestle-like righteous; Rabba bar Sheila says that this is one who walks bent over like the pestle of a mortar.