Shabbat 98A

פחות מארבע אמות ⁠— פטור. מאי קא משמע לן? הא קא משמע לן: רשויות מצטרפות ⁠— ודלא אמרינן קלוטה כמה שהונחה.

If he throws it less than 4 cubits, he is exempt, as he is neither liable for carrying from domain to domain nor for carrying in the public domain. The Talmud asks: What is he teaching us with this halakha? The Talmud answers: He is teaching us the following two things. First, that domains join together; even though one public domain is separated from the other by a private domain, they are treated as one domain. And second, that we do not say that an object in airspace is considered at rest. The object is not considered to have landed in a private domain, and therefore the one who threw it is exempt.

אמר רב שמואל בר יהודה, אמר רב אבא, אמר רב הונא, אמר רב: המעביר ארבע אמות ברשות הרבים מקורה ⁠— פטור, לפי שאינו דומה לדגלי מדבר. איני?! והא עגלות דמקורות הויין, ואמר רב משום רבי חייא: עגלות, תחתיהן וביניהן וצדיהן רשות הרבים! כי קאמר רב בדראתא.

Rav Shmuel bar Yehuda said that Rav Abba said that Rav Huna said that Rav said: One who carries an object 4 cubits in the covered public domain is exempt because it is not similar to the flags of the camp of Israel in the desert, which were not covered. The Talmud wonders: Is that so? Weren’t the wagons on which they transported the beams of the Tabernacle covered? The beams formed a covering over the wagons. And even so, Rav said in the name of R' Ḥiyya: The areas that were beneath the wagons, and between them, and on their sides are all considered to have been the public domain. Apparently, even a covered public domain, like the space beneath the wagons, has the legal status of a public domain. The Talmud answers: When Rav said that the space beneath the wagons had the legal status of a public domain, he was referring to when the beams were arranged in stacks. The beams did not cover the entire area of the wagon. There was space between the stacks.