Bava Kamma 14B

שלשה כללות ⁠– בארבע[ה] מקומות.

There are only 3 distinct principles, but they are listed as 4 cases because they apply in 4 different places.

מתני׳ שום כסף, שוה כסף. בפני בית דין, ועל פי עדים ⁠– בני חורין, בני ברית. והנשים בכלל הנזק. והניזק והמזיק בתשלומין.

Mishnah: The determination of payment of damages is made by monetary appraisal. One pays with items worth money. This halakha applies before a court. And it is based upon the testimony of witnesses who are free men, i.e., men who are not Canaanite slaves, and who are members of the covenant, i.e., Jews. And women are included in the halakhot of damages in the same way as men. And both the injured party and the one liable for the damage are involved in the payment. The Talmud will explicate each of these principles.

גמ׳ מאי ״שום כסף״?

Talmud: What is the meaning of: The determination of payment of damages is made by monetary appraisal?

אמר רב יהודה: שום זה לא יהא אלא בכסף.

Rav Yehuda says: This appraisal of the damage caused should be made only in terms of the monetary value of the damage.

תנינא להא דתנו רבנן: פרה שהזיקה טלית, וטלית שהזיקה פרה ⁠– אין אומרים: תצא פרה בטלית וטלית בפרה, אלא שמין אותה בדמים.

The Talmud notes: We learn, in this Mishnah, this halakha that A baraita states explicitly: In a case in which a cow damaged a cloak, and the cloak injured the cow, e.g., the cow tread on it, thereby damaging it, and it became entangled in the cow’s legs, causing the cow to trip, one does not say that it may be presumed that the damage to the cow is offset by the damage to the cloak and the damage to the cloak is offset by the damage to the cow, and therefore the owners of both are exempt from any payment. Rather, the court appraises separately the damage caused to each side in terms of its monetary value and only then calculates to what extent the liabilities offset each other.