Bava Kamma 101A

כפרא דודי.

The sediments of dye in the cauldrons, that is, the dyer took the dye remaining in the cauldron from previous use, and used that dye for this garment, leading to an inferior result.

תנו רבנן: הנותן עצים לחרש לעשות מהן כסא, ועשה מהן ספסל; ספסל, ועשה מהן כסא ⁠– רבי מאיר אומר: נותן לו דמי עציו. רבי יהודה אומר: אם השבח יתר על היציאה ⁠– נותן לו את היציאה, ואם היציאה יתירה על השבח ⁠– נותן לו את השבח.

§ A baraita states (Tosefta 10:8): With regard to one who gives wood to a carpenter to fashion a chair from it and he fashioned a bench from it instead, or one who gives him wood to fashion a bench and he fashioned a chair from it instead, R' Meir says: The carpenter gives him the value of his wood and keeps the chair or bench, as he has acquired it due to the change. R' Yehuda says: He does not acquire the item. Rather, if the value of the wood’s enhancement exceeds the carpenter’s expenses the owner gives the carpenter the expenses, and if the expenses exceed the enhancement of the wood he gives him the value of the enhancement. Since the carpenter deviated from the customer’s order, he is entitled to either his expenses or the enhancement, the smaller amount of the two.

ומודה רבי מאיר אם נתן עצים לחרש לעשות מהן כסא נאה, ועשה מהן כסא כעור; ספסל נאה, ועשה ספסל כעור ⁠– אם השבח יתר על היציאה, נותן לו דמי היציאה; ואם היציאה יתירה על השבח, נותן לו דמי השבח.

The baraita continues: And R' Meir concedes that if he gave wood to a carpenter to fashion a beautiful chair from it and he fashioned an ugly chair from it, or to fashion a beautiful bench from it and he fashioned an ugly bench from it, then if the value of the wood’s enhancement exceeds the carpenter’s expenses the owner gives the carpenter the value of the expenses, and if the expenses exceed the enhancement he gives him the value of the enhancement. Since the carpenter did not deviate significantly from the customer’s instructions, R' Meir concedes that the carpenter does not acquire the item due to the change.