Avodah Zarah 26B

ולא מורידין, אבל המינין והמסורות והמשומדים ⁠— מורידין ולא מעלין.

and one may not lower them into a pit. But the heretics, and the informers, and the apostates [vehameshummadim] are lowered into a pit, but not raised out of it.

אמר ליה: אני שונה ״לכל אבדת אחיך״ לרבות את המשומד, ואת אמרת מורידין? סמי מכאן משומד!

R' Yoḥanan said to R' Abbahu: I teach that the verse: “And so you should do with every lost item of your brother” (Deuteronomy 22:3), serves to include the apostate in one’s obligation to return a lost item to another Jew; and you say that one may lower him into a pit? Remove the term apostate from here.

ולישני ליה: כאן במשומד אוכל נבילות לתיאבון, כאן במשומד אוכל נבילות להכעיס! קסבר: אוכל נבילות להכעיס ⁠— מין הוא.

The Talmud asks: And let R' Abbahu answer R' Yoḥanan as follows: Here, with regard to a lost item, the verse includes an apostate because it is referring to an apostate who eats non-kosher meat due to his appetite, i.e., he succumbs to the temptation. Conversely, there, with regard to raising an apostate from a pit, I am referring to an apostate who eats non-kosher meat to express insolence. The Talmud answers: R' Abbahu holds that one who eats non-kosher meat to express insolence is a heretic, rather than an apostate.

איתמר משומד, פליגי רב אחא ורבינא: חד אמר: לתיאבון ⁠— משומד, להכעיס ⁠— מין הוי, וחד אמר: אפילו להכעיס נמי משומד. אלא איזהו מין? זה העובד עבודה זרה.

§ It was stated with regard to the definition of an apostate that Rav Aḥa and Ravina disagree. One says that someone who transgresses a prohibition due to his appetite is an apostate, while one who transgresses a prohibition in order to express insolence is a heretic. And one says that even one who sins to express insolence is considered an apostate. Rather, who is considered a heretic? This is an idol worshipper.